Hoʻokumu ʻia nā mea ʻala i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aʻe paha o nā pūhui mea ʻala me ka ʻala, i loko o kēia mau molekala organik aia kekahi mau pūʻulu ʻala. ua hui ʻia ma nā ʻano like ʻole i loko o ka mole, i loaʻa i nā ʻala nā ʻano ʻala like ʻole.
ʻO ke kaumaha o ka molekala ma waena o 26 a me 300, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, ethanol a i ʻole nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe. Pono i loko o ka mole ka hui ʻātoma e like me 0H, -co -, -NH, a me -SH, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hui ʻala a i ʻole ka hui ʻala. ʻO kēia mau puʻupuʻu lauoho e hoʻopuka i nā mea hoʻoulu likeʻole, e hāʻawi i nā manaʻo likeʻole o ka meaʻala.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mea ʻala
Wahi a ke kumu hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā ʻano kūlohelohe a me nā ʻono synthetic. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻono kūlohelohe i ka ʻono kūlohelohe holoholona a me ke ʻano mea kanu. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea ʻala synthetic i nā ʻono kaʻawale, ka synthesis kemika a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea ʻono, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea ʻala synthetic i nā ʻono semi-synthetic a me nā ʻono synthetic piha.
Nā ʻAla Kūlohelohe
ʻO nā meaʻono kūlohelohe e pili ana i nā meaʻala a hoʻohana ponoʻoleʻia i nā meaʻala o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu; A i ʻole nā mea ʻala i unuhi ʻia a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e ke ʻano kino me ka hoʻololi ʻole i kā lākou haku mele mua. Loaʻa i nā ʻono kūlohelohe nā mea ʻono kūlohelohe holoholona a me nā mea kanu ʻelua ʻano.
Nā ʻono kūlohelohe holoholona
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻano ʻono kūlohelohe holoholona, ʻo ka hapa nui no ka huna ʻana a i ʻole excretion o nā holoholona, aia ma kahi o ka ʻumi mau ʻano ʻono holoholona i loaʻa no ka noi ʻana, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia manawa he: musk, ambergris, civet incense, castorean kēia mau ʻano holoholona ʻehā.
E kanu i ka ʻono kūlohelohe
ʻO ka ʻono kūlohelohe nā mea kanu ke kumu nui o ka ʻono kūlohelohe, waiwai nā ʻano mea kanu, a ʻokoʻa nā ʻano hana lapaʻau. Ua ʻike ka poʻe aia ma mua o 3600 mau ʻano mea kanu ʻala ma ke ʻano, e like me ka mint, lavender, peony, jasmine, cloves, etc. Wahi a ko lākou ʻano, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā terpenoids, nā pūʻulu aliphatic, nā pūʻulu aromatic a me nā pūhui nitrogen a me sulfur.
mea ʻono synthetic
ʻO ka ʻono synthetic he mea ʻono i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ka synthesis kemika me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea maka maoli a i ʻole nā mea hana kemika. I kēia manawa, aia ma kahi o 4000 ~ 5000 mau ʻano ʻono synthetic e like me ka palapala, a ma kahi o 700 mau ʻano i hoʻohana mau ʻia. Ma ke ʻano ʻono o kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻono synthetic ma kahi o 85%.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻala
ʻO nā mea ʻala ʻala he mau mea ʻono hoʻokahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ke kino a i ʻole kemika mai nā mea ʻala maoli. Hoʻokahi ko lākou haku mele ʻana a me ka ʻano molekala maʻemaʻe, akā hoʻokahi ʻala hoʻokahi, a pono e hoʻohana pū ʻia me nā mea ʻala ʻē aʻe.
ʻAno semi-synthetic
ʻO ka ʻono Semi-synthetic kahi ʻano mea ʻono i hana ʻia e ka hopena kemika, kahi mea nui o ka ʻono synthetic. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ma mua o 150 mau ʻano o nā huahana ʻala semi-synthetic i hana ʻia.
Nā ʻono synthetic piha
ʻO nā ʻono synthetic piha kahi mea hoʻohui kemika i loaʻa e ka multi-step chemical synthesis reaction o ka petrochemical a i ʻole nā huahana kemika lanahu e like me ke kumu kumu. ʻO ia kahi "mea hana artificial" i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e like me ke ala synthetic i hoʻokumu ʻia. Aia ma mua o 5,000 mau ʻano mea ʻala synthetic ma ka honua, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 1,400 mau ʻano ʻono synthetic i ʻae ʻia ma Kina, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 400 mau ʻano huahana maʻamau.
Hoʻohui ʻono
ʻO ka hui ʻana e pili ana i ka hui ʻana o nā mea ʻala like ʻole (nā mea ʻala maoli, synthetic a i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia) me kahi ʻala a ʻala paha i hiki ke hoʻohana pololei ʻia no ka ʻono huahana, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo essence.
Ma muli o ka hana o nā meaʻono i ka huiʻana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawaleʻia iʻelima mau'āpana: ka meaʻala nui, a me ka meaʻala, ka mea hoʻololi, ka meaʻala paʻa a me ka meaʻala. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: ʻala poʻo, ʻala kino a me ka ʻala kumu e like me ka volatility ʻono a me ka manawa paʻa.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka ʻala
Ua hoʻopuka ʻo Poucher i kahi ʻano e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻala e like me ko lākou volatility ʻala. Ua loiloi ʻo ia i 330 mau mea ʻala kūlohelohe a me nā mea ʻala ʻē aʻe, e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou i nā mea ʻala mua, kino a me nā mea ʻala mua e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o ko lākou noho ʻana ma ka pepa.
Hāʻawi ka Poucher i ka coefficient o "1" i ka poʻe i nalowale ka ʻala ma lalo o hoʻokahi lā, "2" i ka poʻe i nalowale ko lākou ʻala ma lalo o ʻelua mau lā, a pēlā aku i kahi kiʻekiʻe o "100", ma hope o ia. ʻaʻole helu hou ʻia. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻo ia i ka 1 a hiki i ka 14 ma ke ʻano he ʻala poʻo 15 a hiki i ka 60 ma ke ʻano he ʻala kino a me ka 62 a hiki i ka 100 ma ke ʻano he ʻala kumu a i ʻole nā mea ʻala paʻa.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-23-2024