Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻono mai hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha mau hui organik me ke ʻala, i loko o kēia mau molekala organik aia kekahi mau hui ʻala. ua hui pū ʻia lākou ma nā ʻano like ʻole i loko o ka molekala, i loaʻa i nā ʻono nā ʻano ʻala a me nā ʻala like ʻole.
ʻO ke kaumaha molekala ma waena o 26 a me 300, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, ka ethanol a i ʻole nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik ʻē aʻe. Pono ka molekala e loaʻa kahi hui atomika e like me 0H, -co-, -NH, a me -SH, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hui ʻala a i ʻole ka hui ʻala. ʻO kēia mau hui lauoho e hana i ke ʻala e hoʻopuka i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki like ʻole, e hāʻawi ana i nā kānaka i nā manaʻo like ʻole o ka ʻala.
Ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻOno
Wahi a ke kumu, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻono kūlohelohe a me nā ʻono synthetic. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻono kūlohelohe i nā ʻono holoholona kūlohelohe a me nā ʻono mea kanu kūlohelohe. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea ʻala synthetic i nā ʻono i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, synthesis kemika a me nā ʻono hui ʻana, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻono synthetic i nā ʻono semi-synthetic a me nā ʻono synthetic piha.
Nā ʻOno Kūlohelohe
ʻO nā ʻono kūlohelohe e pili ana i nā ʻāpana ʻala mua a me ka hana ʻole ʻia i hoʻopili pololei ʻia o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu; A i ʻole nā ʻala i unuhi ʻia a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e ke kino me ka ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana i kā lākou haku mele mua. ʻO nā ʻono kūlohelohe e komo pū me nā ʻono holoholona a me nā mea kanu i ʻelua mau māhele.
Nā ʻono kūlohelohe holoholona
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻano ʻono holoholona maoli, ʻo ka hapa nui no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā holoholona, aia ma kahi o ʻumikūmālua ʻano o nā ʻono holoholona i loaʻa no ka noi, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēia manawa he: musk, ambergris, civet incense, castorean kēia mau ʻono holoholona ʻehā.
ʻOno kūlohelohe o nā mea kanu
ʻO ka ʻono kūlohelohe o nā mea kanu ke kumu nui o ka ʻono kūlohelohe, momona nā ʻano ʻono o nā mea kanu, a ʻokoʻa nā ʻano lapaʻau. Ua ʻike ka poʻe he ʻoi aku ma mua o 3600 mau ʻano o nā mea kanu ʻala ma ke kūlohelohe, e like me ka mint, lavender, peony, jasmine, cloves, a pēlā aku, akā he 400 wale nō ʻano o ka hoʻohana pono i loaʻa i kēia manawa. Wahi a ko lākou ʻano, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā terpenoids, nā hui aliphatic, nā hui ʻala a me nā hui nitrogen a me sulfur.
nā ʻono hana ʻia
ʻO ka ʻono synthetic kahi hui ʻono i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ka synthesis kemika me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea maka kūlohelohe a i ʻole nā mea maka kemika. I kēia manawa, aia ma kahi o 4000 ~ 5000 mau ʻano o nā ʻono synthetic e like me ka palapala, a ma kahi o 700 mau ʻano i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia. I ke ʻano ʻono o kēia manawa, ʻo nā ʻono synthetic he 85%.
Nā mea hoʻokaʻawale ʻala
ʻO nā mea ʻala ʻala he mau mea ʻono hoʻokahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā ʻala kūlohelohe ma ke kino a i ʻole ke kemika. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi ʻano hoʻokahi a me ke ʻano molekala maopopo, akā he ʻala hoʻokahi ko lākou, a pono e hoʻohana ʻia me nā ʻala kūlohelohe a synthetic paha.
ʻOno semi-synthetic
ʻO ka ʻono semi-synthetic kahi ʻano huahana ʻono i hana ʻia e ka hopena kemika, ʻo ia kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka ʻono synthetic. I kēia manawa, ua ʻoi aku ma mua o 150 mau ʻano huahana ʻala semi-synthetic i hoʻomohala ʻia.
Nā ʻono synthetic piha
ʻO nā ʻono synthetic piha he hui kemika i loaʻa ma o ka hopena synthesis kemika multi-step o nā huahana kemika petrochemical a i ʻole nā huahana kemika lanahu ma ke ʻano he mea maka kumu. He "mea maka artificial" ia i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e like me ke ala synthetic i hoʻokumu ʻia. Aia ma mua o 5,000 mau ʻano o nā ʻono synthetic ma ka honua, a aia ma mua o 1,400 mau ʻano o nā ʻono synthetic i ʻae ʻia ma Kina, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 400 mau ʻano o nā huahana i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia.
Hoʻohuihui ʻono
ʻO ke kāwili ʻana e pili ana i ka hui ʻana o kekahi mau ʻono hana a i ʻole nā kakini o nā mea ʻono (kūlohelohe, synthetic a me nā mea ʻala i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia) me kahi ʻala a ʻala paha e hiki ke hoʻohana pololei ʻia no ka ʻono o ka huahana, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka essence.
Wahi a ka hana o nā ʻono i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelima mau ʻāpana: ka mea ʻala nui, a me ka mea ʻala, ka mea hoʻololi, ka mea ʻala paʻa a me ka mea ʻala. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: ke ʻala poʻo, ke ʻala kino a me ke ʻala kumu e like me ka loli o ka ʻono a me ka manawa paʻa.
Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka ʻala
Ua paʻi ʻo Poucher i kahi ʻano hana e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā ʻala e like me ko lākou loli ʻala. Ua loiloi ʻo ia i 330 mau ʻala kūlohelohe a me nā ʻala synthetic a me nā ʻala ʻē aʻe, e hoʻokaʻawale ana iā lākou i nā ʻala mua, kino a me nā ʻala mua ma muli o ka lōʻihi o ko lākou noho ʻana ma ka pepa.
Hāʻawi ka Poucher i kahi coefficient o "1" i ka poʻe i nalowale ke ʻala i loko o hoʻokahi lā, "2" i ka poʻe i nalowale ke ʻala i loko o ʻelua lā, a pēlā aku a hiki i ka "100" kiʻekiʻe loa, ma hope o ia mea ʻaʻole e helu hou ʻia. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻo ia i ka 1 a 14 ma ke ʻano he mau ʻala poʻo 15 a 60 ma ke ʻano he mau ʻala kino a me 62 a 100 ma ke ʻano he mau ʻala kumu a i ʻole nā ʻala paʻa.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Aug-23-2024